There are a-lot of what if's in this scenario...
Port Canaveral to Disney Springs is not a quick drive... around 65 miles.... it will take at least an hour and a half... and that's if you have smooth sailing to and from and hardly no traffic... if you have any complications slow traffic at peak times, a traffic accident or something else will slow down your time down a lot... as well this is a busy highway... So leaving is where you need to really worry about getting going... I would give yourself at least two and half hours if not three just to be sure...
Take into consideration other ships may be in port at the same time - so that would add to the traffic and time getting into and out of the port....
Uber and Lyft - You more than likely will find a ride easily over to Disney Springs, coming back would be my concern... Most uber and lyft drivers around the parks like to stay in that area, to and from park to park - to resorts and airport runs... easily can get pick ups... A driver taking you back to the port, will not have as much of a chance for pickup on the return trip... Our friend lives over in that area Cocoa Beach... his neighbor drives for Uber, he is retired and his wife passed away, he does this to get out of the house, and talk to people.... he can tell some stories...he is so funny and we were talking about his adventures... he said that he picks up people at the port alot, the ships that are early into port, and pick ones the ones are going to the Disney resorts, so that he can work around the parks and airport for a couple of hours, then heads home.. DH asked him about the ride home if he waits around for a trip over to the area... he said no most of the time he's solo coming back...and that most drivers won't drive that far as they can't get a rider for the way back to Orlando, not cost effective... like he said he does it to get out of the house... and he loves driving... and chatting with people...
You might want to think about private car service - which could pick you up and drop you back at the port... and you would not have to worry about getting a ride...
Does the cruise offer the chartered bus excursion through them( the cruise line) to Disney Springs? Normally if the excursion is through the cruise line, and your on the bus as you are suppose to be, and something happens, such as traffic incident or heavy slow going traffic... they should wait for you...